语言日本语言文化背景对日语语言学习影响

摘 要：日语是世界上发展变化最快的语言之一，这种快速的演变，蕴含着诸多的因素，文化背景是诸多因素中的有力因素，几千年的语言实践活动，造就了日语的形成和不断完善。语言和文化是紧密联系在一起的，在学习一门外语的过程中，不管用哪种方法教或学，都要深层次地了解这门语言的文化底蕴，这对我们学习这门语言有很必要的帮助和重要性。
关键词：语言 文化 日语 检测名
1004-4914（2013）03-147-01
众所周知，语言是人类特有的用以表达意思、交流思想的工具，是一种特殊的社会现象，包含着文化意蕴。对一个国家文化的理解制约着外语学习的水平，一个国家的文化背景因素不仅存在于单词学习中，而且也存在于语法学习和阅读翻译领域。日本是一个岛国，其文化和语言的形成和发展都有其独特的轨迹。所以，要把语言学习置于日本文化的背景当中，才能更好地学习日语。

一、汉语是「日本语」产生的基础

中国与日本有着2000多年的文化交流历史，古代日本曾大量引进中国文化，具有文化修养的日本人开始用汉字记事。再后来，日本人创造了用汉字作为表间符号来书写日语的方法，至八世纪后，这种表间符号已被普遍采用。日本古代著名的《万叶集》就是采用这种书写方法的。比方说，《万叶集》中日语的“山”，读作“やま”，在《万叶集》中就用“也麻”两个字书写，这种书写方法后来被称为“万叶检测名”。但是用万叶检测名式的汉字记事太麻烦繁杂，后来慢慢地简化，变成只有汉字楷书的一个部分，如「伊-イ」「於-オ」「宇-ウ」「阿-ア」等，这就是今天的片检测名。而平检测名来自于汉字的草书，如「安-あ」「衣-え」这是因为柔和的汉字草书适合于书写日本和歌，后来渐渐盛行，逐渐形成了一种线条简练、流畅、自由、洒脱的字体。
「漢字」已深深扎根于日本人的语言生活之中。对于「漢字」，日本人丝毫没有「舶来品」之感，年深日久，已把「漢字」视为本名族的正式文字和「日本语」不可分割的重要组成部分。

二、日语与汉语相对应的词语有差异

学习日语的人都知道，日语与汉语有相同也有不同。相同的是，这两种语言从书写上来看都属于汉字圈。不同的是即使字形相同，但是意思却南辕北辙。最常见的有以下几个词汇「手紙」「娘」「勉強」「丈夫」等。如果在一篇日语文章中你看到这些词汇，你直接按字面意思去理解，会带来误会和麻烦。因为在日语中「手紙」是“书信”的意思，而中文的「手纸」则是“上厕所用的纸”。还有，日语「娘」是“女儿”的意思，「勉強」是“学习”，「切手」是“邮票”，「丈夫」是“结实”的意思，在有的日本的商品外包装外会印上「丈夫」二字，很多中国人会满腹疑问，会把丈夫与此商品联系在一起。后来，得知二字的意思为结实之后，才恍然大悟。
由于两国同属于汉字圈，有时使用同一种汉字，完全不懂汉语的日本人，看见同样字形的汉字也会理解错误。

三、中日语言的转换底蕴

虽然，日语吸收了汉语的大量汉字，但是这也容易让学习者走进一个误区——词语或语法的对号入座。也就是说，尽管日语也有与汉语在概念上是等同的词语，但是互译时不能直译。比方说，汉语“吃食堂”，在日语中不能说成「食堂を食べる」，而要说成「食堂で食べる」，“吃药”要说成「薬を飲む」。还有，“树死了”，汉语中“树”与日语中「木」是对译的，“死”是「死ぬ」，加上助词，说成「木が死んでしまった」，日本人听后就会觉得很怪，因为日本人一般会说「木が枯れてしまった」。也就是说日汉词语或语法不是意义对应的，如果等值的转换会让听的人莫名其妙，不解其意。

四、日语中外来语产生条件和使用

日本民族是一个善于学习善于模仿的民族，其语言也充分体现了这一点。日语词汇是由「和語」「漢語」和「外来語」组成的，由于有了「漢語」和「外来語」的加入，日语的词汇更加丰富，更富于表现力。「和語」是日语中固有词汇；「漢語」是在古代直接或间接从中国输入的词；「外来語」是近世以后从欧洲输入的词，一般用片检测名书写。在现代日语中，外来语占有很大的比例，并且有不断增加的趋势。日本人吸收众多的外来语并且也愿意使用外来语是有原因的。
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